The Flea Life Cycle
In Akron, Barberton, Norton, Medina, Rittman and the areas surrounding the Akron Bareberton Veterinary Clinic; the most common flea problem is Cetenocephalides Felis (A.K.A. the cat flea). Theis cat flea is responsible for approximately 80% of the flea outbreaks in the state of Ohio. Adult fleas prefer to spend their mature lives on the host, although they can survive for several days in the environment. Survival in the environment is dependent upon the relative humidity and temperature. The adults hatch from the pupated stage once they are stimulated by the presence of vibrations on the ground and carbon dioxide. After emerging from the pupated (think cocoon) stage, adult fleas migrate toward light and locate hosts through visual cues.
Adult fleas begin to feed on the host very rapidly, taking a bite within seconds to minutes. Within 1-3 days of the first blood meal, the adult flea begins to lay eggs. Female fleas can lay 50 eggs per day. She may continue to lay eggs for up to 100 days. Flea eggs fall into the environment, mostly being found where the dog or cat spends a lot of time. These areas include bedding and play areas, but may also involve rooms wuch as the family room or living room.
The flea eggs will hatch starting at 24 hours and continuing over a period 10 days. Once the eggs hatch, they enter their larval stage. These emerging larvae feed on flea feces and organic debris (things like dust particles). The larvae tend to prefer dark areas, so they migrate away from light into carpets, bedding and soil. Flea larvae will go through 2 molts over the next 5-11 days before entering the pupae stage. While the flea larvae are quite susceptible to heat and desiccation, flea pupae are relatively resistant. Likewise, there are many available products to target the larval stage, but not the pupated stage.
The adult fleas begin to emerge from pupae in 5-9 days, contributing to the cycle. If they fail to hatch, these pupae can remain dormant for several weeks to months until a host is found. Once again, these pupae emerge when they sense vibrations and carbon dioxide (two of the cues that a blood meal is in the area). A main reason that flea infestation can be difficult to control is due to the persistence of these dormant pupae in the environment.
The entire life cycle, from egg to adult flea, is completed in 3 to 8 weeks in most cases. In certain instances, the life cycle may extend to nearly 6 months if the temperature and ambient humidity are ideal. In our area, we do benefit from the cold season. These extreme temperatures help to control the flea life cycle because none of the flea life stages can survive prolonged (greater than 10 days) exposure to freezing temperatures. Unfortunately, this only extends to the environment, as it is thought that fleas can "over-winter" on urban wildlife (opossums, foxes, skunks, raccoons) and feral cats in northern climates. These pets then serve as sources of re-infestation for pets.
Chew on this: the adult fleas that you can see only represent 5% of the entire problem. The breakdown of the life cycle is as follows:
Adult fleas: 5%
Pupated Stage: 10%
Larval Stage: 35%
Eggs: 50%
We often see a lot of flea related issues. We were one of the first areas to identify resistance to some of the most popular flea control products on the market, including many that are now available over the counter at various chain stores. We carry the most recent and effective flea control produts that work to combat the resistant "Barbeton flea." Please call and ask us for recommendations for your pet.
This article was adapted from our recent facebook posts that described the flea life cycle in detail. Original Facebook posting by Greg Roadruck D.V.M.
Article composed and modified by Dr. Jeff R. Fink
